Physical AI treats artificial intelligence not as a cloud-based "brain in a jar," but as a body that respects the laws of physics. At its core, this field relies on connected embedded systems to act as a high-speed nervous system, ensuring decentralised edge devices in robotics or the built environment can act without the lag of a central hub. Using real-time DSP for lightning-fast reflexes and computer vision to navigate and map 3D space, machines transition from mere automation to true perception. By weaving in machine learning and "Vision-Language-Action" models, these systems make intuitive, split-second decisions that are safe and context-aware. Furthermore, Physical AI systems are often coupled with digital twins, which are sophisticated, dynamic virtual replicas of their real-world counterparts. These digital models allow for comprehensive simulation, testing, and optimisation of the physical AI's behaviour and environment before, during, and after deployment, offering invaluable insights and enhancing the system's overall safety and efficiency.

This innovative Major addresses the significance of designing and networking Internet-connected embedded systems, which form the core of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Uniquely, it includes a focus on Analogue IC Design, providing students with the specialised skills to create the next generation of edge IoT devices at the integrated circuit level. Graduates gain comprehensive competencies in real-time signal processing, machine learning, and network programming. Positioned at the forefront of electronic engineering, this Major offers a unique opportunity to master the IoT ecosystem from the silicon up to the network layer, meeting the demand for professionals who can manage complex connected systems.

This Major provides graduates with an in-depth understanding of the key technologies and drivers for next-generation data and telecommunications systems. Graduates are equipped with the expertise to implement advanced networking protocols on devices and user equipment, including wireless, mesh, peer-to-peer, and sensor networks. By gaining expertise in overall network design and simulation, students develop a critical cross-layer understanding of network operation. There is a strong industry demand for engineers with this skill base, capable of managing the performance and architectural drivers of modern communication systems.

The Photonic Systems Major is designed to develop leaders in the rapidly expanding sectors of optoelectronics. As computing moves toward the convergence of multiple technologies, experts who can integrate optical and electronic functions are critical. This Major focuses on integrated systems where layers are engineered to process light, manage power, and perform sensing. Students bridge the gap between theoretical device physics and industrial reality, gaining expertise in semiconductor manufacturing and photonic applications. This prepares graduates for innovation in fields ranging from global communications and optical sensing to biophotonics, autonomous vehicles, and next-generation quantum technologies.

The Semiconductor and Integrated Circuit (IC) Design Major provides an advanced and comprehensive foundation in the architecture, design, and fabrication of modern integrated circuits and systems. As a cornerstone of the global digital economy and a key enabler of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and quantum computation, the semiconductor sector demands highly skilled graduates capable of operating across the full development lifecycle. This Major equips students from diverse STEM backgrounds with the expertise to progress from semiconductor device physics and fabrication through to advanced system-on-chip (SoC) design, modelling, and verification. Emphasis is placed on the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical design skills, developed through extensive use of industry-standard Electronic Design Automation (EDA) and Technology CAD (TCAD) tools, alongside state-of-the-art process design kits (PDKs). Students benefit from exposure to current industry practices through company engagement and applied project work, fostering both technical depth and professional awareness. The programme also supports the development of analytical, problem-solving, and research skills essential for innovation in a rapidly evolving field. Graduates are well prepared for careers in semiconductor design, fabrication, and electronic systems development, as well as for progression to doctoral research and leadership roles within the global microelectronics industry.